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| Preface |

# Preface

Contents:
The UNIX Operating System
Versions of UNIX
What This Handbook Covers
What's New in the Fourth Edition
Format
Acknowledgments

## The UNIX Operating System

An operating system (or "OS") is a set of programs that controls a computer. It controls both the hardware (things you can touch - such as keyboards, displays, and disk drives) and the software (application programs that you run, such as a word processor).

Some computers have a single-user OS, which means only one person can use the computer at a time. Many older OSes (like DOS) can also do only one job at a time. But almost any computer can do a lot more if it has a multiuser, multitasking operating system like UNIX. These powerful OSes let many people use the computer at the same time and let each user run several jobs at once.

UNIX was invented almost 30 years ago for scientific and professional users who wanted a very powerful and flexible OS. It's been significantly developed since then. Because UNIX was designed for experts, it can be a bit overwhelming at first. But after you get the basics (from this book!) you'll start to appreciate some of the reasons to use UNIX:

- It comes with a huge number of powerful application programs. You can get many others for free on the Internet. (The GNU utilities, freely available from the Free Software Foundation, are very popular.) You can thus do much more at a much lower cost.

- Not only are the applications often free, but some versions of UNIX itself are also free. Linux is a good example. Like the free applications, these free versions of UNIX are usually of excellent quality. They're maintained by volunteer programmers who want a powerful OS and are frustrated by the slow, bug-ridden development of OSes at big companies.

- Much of the development of the Internet was done on UNIX systems. Many Internet web sites and Internet service providers use UNIX because it's so powerful, flexible, and inexpensive.

- UNIX runs on almost any kind of hardware. After you learn UNIX on one system, you'll know how to use it on any other system.

|  | Versions of UNIX