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| Chapter 44 Shell Programming for the Uninitiated |

## 44.23 Reading Files with the . and source Commands

As article 6.2 explains, UNIX programs can never, ever modify the environment of their parents. A program can only modify the environment that later will be passed to its children. This is a common mistake that many new UNIX users make: they try to write a program that changes a directory (or does something else involving an environment variable) and try to figure out why it doesn't work. You can't do this. If you write a program that executes the cd command, that cd will be effective within your program - but when the program finishes, you'll be back in your original (parent) shell.

One workaround is to "source" the shell script file (for csh and bash) or run it as a "dot" script (sh, ksh and bash too). For example, if the file named change-my-directory contains:

>     cd /somewhere/else

you could use the following commands to change the current directory of the current shell:

>     % source change-my-directory
>     $ . change-my-directory

The source and `.` commands read a script file into the current shell instead of starting a child shell. These commands only work for shell script files (files containing command lines as you'd type them at a shell prompt). You can't use source or `.` to read a binary (directly executable) file into the shell.

If your shell doesn't have shell functions (10.9), you can simulate them (10.10) with the `.` command. It acts a lot like a subroutine or function in a programming language.

- ML, JP

44.22 Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names |  | 45. Shell Programming for the Initiated