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| Chapter 13 Redirecting Input and Output |

## 13.8 Using {list} to Group Bourne Shell Commands

A lot of people know that you can group the output of a series of commands by using a subshell (13.7). That is, instead of this:

>     $ date > log
>     $ who >> log
>     $ ls >> log

they start a subshell with parentheses:

    >
    $ (date
    > who
    > ls) > log

and only redirect once to log. But a subshell takes an extra process and takes time to start on a busy system. If all you need to do is redirect output (or input) of a set of commands, use the Bourne shell's list operators `{}` (curly braces):

>     $ { date
>     > who
>     > ls
>     > } > log

Notice the spaces and the extra RETURN at the end. Each command must be separated from others. You can also write (note the semicolon after the last command):

>     $ { date; who; ls; } > log

Here are two other differences between the subshell (parentheses) and list (curly braces) operators. A cd command in the subshell doesn't change the parent shell's current directory; it does in a list. Also, a variable set in a subshell isn't passed to the parent shell; from a list, the variable is passed out.

> NOTE: Jonathan I. Kamens points out that some Bourne shells may run a list in a subshell anyway, especially if there's a pipe involved. If your Bourne shell works like the example shown here, it's using a subshell, too:

> >     $ { echo frep; foo=bar; } | cat
> >     frep
> >     $ echo $foo

> >     $ { echo frep; foo=bar; }

> >     frep
> >     $ echo $foo
> >     bar

- JP

13.7 The () Subshell Operators |  | 13.9 Send Output Two or More Places with tee