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# Index: E

EBCDIC conversion : 35.12. Converting Between ASCII and EBCDIC
echo command : 6.8. Shell Variables
  in bash cells : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  in Bourne shell scripts : 44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
  in C shell : 47.2.1.1. Writing Files
  combining two : 45.30.2. Using echo with awk, colrm, or cut
  command-line arguments : 8.6. Output Command-Line Arguments
  control characters used with
    45.35.1. With echo
    45.35.2. With tr and echo
  creating error messages : 8.6.2. Making Error Messages
  debugging using : 46.2. Quoting Trouble? Think, Then Use echo
  -e option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  -E option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  escape sequences interpreted by : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  examples
    44.5. Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
    44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
    44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
    45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
    47.2.1.1. Writing Files
    47.2.4. Quoting
  external versions of : 8.11. Which One Will bash Use?
  interpreting octal numbers : 45.35.1. With echo
  -n option : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  sending escape sequences : 41.9. Commands to Adjust Your Terminal
  shell scripts using : 45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
  showing values of variables : 6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For
  turning off : 45.27. Turn Off echo for "Secret" Answers
  version differences : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  writing special escape sequences : 7.6. Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line
echo flag, turning off : 41.2.2. Handling Most Characters
echo shell variable
  6.9. Special C Shell Variables
  8.17. verbose and echo Variables Show Quoting
echoing
  smart : 41.5. Why Some Systems Backspace over Prompts
ed editor
  diff command and : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff
  file size limits : 33.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Bomb on Big Files
  no matches : 33.7. ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match
ediff script
  28.8. More Friendly diff Output
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
edit command (SCCS) : 20.13. SCCS Basics
editing
  compressed files : 24.11. Edit Compressed Files with zvi, zex, and zed
  paired item checking : 29.9. Looking for Closure
  with power tools : 1.6. Power Tools for Editing
  spell checking : (see spell checking)
  with file comparisons : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff
EDITOR environment variable : 6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
editors
  ed : (see ed editor)
  EDITOR variable : 6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
  Emacs : (see Emacs editor)
  ex : (see ex editor)
  patch program : (see patch)
  qsubst program : 33.10. Quick Globals from the Command Line with qsubst
  scripting line editors : 33.1. Why Line Editors Aren't Dinosaurs
  sed : (see sed editor)
  vi : (see vi editor)
egrep : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
egrep expressions
  calendar command : 48.4. Automatic Reminders and More: calendar
  case statements building : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
  examples : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
  for loop building : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
  options : 48.2. Online Phone and Address Lists
egrep script
  17.21. lookfor: Which File Has that Word?
  26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  27.9. New greps Are Much Faster
  27.16. Faking Case-Insensitive Searches
  | (vertical bar) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  catman compared to : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
  examples : 50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
  -f option : 27.7. grepping for a List of Patterns
  -i option : 50.6. Searching Online Manual Pages
  picking the processes to kill : 38.13. Interactively Kill Processes Matching a Pattern
  plus sign (+) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  question mark (?) : 27.5. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  searching manual pages : 50.6. Searching Online Manual Pages
eight-bit filenames : 23.15. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
elapsed time
  39.2. Timing Programs
  39.5. Why Is the System So Slow?
elookfor : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
elookfor script : 17.21. lookfor: Which File Has that Word?
else statement
  44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  (see also if loops)
  examples : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
em-dashes : 43.21. Preprocessing troff Input with sed
Emacs : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
emacs
  emacs mode command-line editing : 11.13. Shell Command-Line Editing
Emacs editor
  abbreviations : 32.11. Using Word Abbreviation Mode
  advantages over other editors : 32.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
  auto-save file : 32.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
  backup file : 32.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
  C shell's PWD and : 32.9. Unset PWD Before Using Emacs
  command completion : 32.6. Command Completion
  global initialization file : 32.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
  insert mode versus overwrite : 32.5. Putting Emacs in Overwrite Mode
  key mapping : 32.7. Mike's Favorite Time Savers
  mouse-based editors versus : 32.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  quoting control characters : 32.10. Inserting Binary Characters into Files
  search customizations : 32.8. Rational Searches
  x-on/x-off flow control : 32.12. Getting Around Emacs Flow Control Problems
emacs editor
  directory for : 4.4. Directories for Emacs Hacks
  temporary files generated by : 14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
.emacs file
  32.3. Customizations and How to Avoid Them
  32.11.2. Making Word Abbreviations Part of Your Startup
.emacs_ml file : 32.7. Mike's Favorite Time Savers
.emacs_ml file : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
email
  multiple mailboxes : 21.8.1.1. Multiple Mailboxes
  notification of : 21.8. The MAILCHECK and mail Variables Check More than Mail
emoticons : 51.12. You Don't Have Enough Smileys?
empty files
  13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
  21.7. Setting File Modification Time with touch
emptying files : 24.1. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
enable command : 8.11. Which One Will bash Use?
encoding arguments in termcap or terminfo entries : 41.11.2. Encoding Arguments
encryption : 22.17. Ways of Improving the Security of crypt
End of file unexpected : 46.1.2. Unmatched Operators
  error message : 46.1. Tips for Debugging Shell Scripts
end-of-file (EOF) character : 13.14. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
end-of-input character
  effect on subshells : 38.4. Subshells
end-of-line processing : 5.11. Initializing the Terminal with tset
enscript program : 43.22. Converting Text Files to PostScript
.enter file : 14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
.enter.csh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
.enter.sh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
entomb system : 23.9. delete: Protecting Files from Accidental Deletion
env command
  6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For
  6.8. Shell Variables
  14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
ENV environment variable
  2.11. Faster ksh and bash Startup with $- Test
  6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
environment : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  modifying : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  temporary changes in : 13.7.2. Temporary Change of Directory and Environment
  writing into temporary files : 40.4. Choosing the Shell Run (We Hope) by at
environment variables
  2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
  14.10. Variables Help You Find Directories and Files
  45.24. A Shell Can Read a Script from its Standard Input, But...
  (see also under specific variable names)
  advantages : 6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For
  in Bourne shell : 47.2.5. Variable Syntax
  in C shell : 47.2.5. Variable Syntax
  changed inside redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  setting : 2.2.2. C Shell
epsffit program : 43.24. Other PostScript Utilities
equations
  43.12.1. troff
  43.12.2. TeX
erase character
  5.9. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
  41.2.2. Handling Most Characters
  BACKSPACE : 51.6. Cleaning script Files
  DELETE : 51.6. Cleaning script Files
error messages
  capturing for screen : 42.8. Errors Erased Too Soon? Try These Workarounds
  creating : 8.6.2. Making Error Messages
  installation process : 52.8.2.6. An Easy Build
  program names included in : 44.22. Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
  scrolling off screen : 13.4. Problems Piping to a Pager
errors
  44.9. Testing Your Success
  (see also debugging; standard error)
  Arguments too long : 9.20. Too Many Files for the Command Line
  "Arguments too long" : 9.23. Workaround for "Arguments too long" Error
  handled in C shell : 47.2.7. Error Handling
  in redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  "No match" : 15.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
  stderr : (see standard error)
  storing with logerrs script : 13.16. Store and Show Errors with logerrs
errors, syntax
  in numeric tests : 46.4. Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
  in string tests : 46.5. Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests
ESC key
  file completion and : 9.9. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
ESC Z string : 5.5. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
escape sequences
  5.8. Terminal Escape Sequences
  41.9. Commands to Adjust Your Terminal
  backslash character and : 8.6.1. Portability
  copied into files : 51.5. Copy What You Do with script
  echo command interpreting : 46.10. A Portable echo Command
  prompt settings and : 7.8. Highlighting in Shell Prompts
  removing : 43.19. Removing Leading Tabs and Other Trivia
  writing with echo command : 7.6. Session Information in Your Terminal's Status Line
/etc/motd script : 2.14. motd.diff: Show New Lines in Login Messages
/etc/passwd file
  corrupted : 50.12. Common UNIX Error Messages
/etc/passwd file : 1.23. File Access Permissions
/etc/shells file : 2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
/etc/ttys file : 2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
/etc/ttytab file : 2.12. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
eval command : 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
  advantages : 8.10. eval: When You Need Another Chance
  awk compared to : 44.14. Putting awk, sed, etc., Inside Shell Scripts
  examples
    45.14. Finding the Last Command-Line Argument
    45.30.4. Using sed
  if-then-else in aliases : 10.7. How to Put if-then-else in a C Shell Alias
  scanning contents of variables : 45.17. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
  sed combined with : 45.30.4. Using sed
  shell variables and : 10.10. Simulated Bourne Shell Functions and Aliases
  simulating arrays : 45.34. Arrays in the Bourne Shell
ex editor
  abbreviations
    30.31. vi Word Abbreviation
    31.9. Good Stuff for Your .exrc File
  appending to file : 30.13. Appending to an Existing File
  capitalizing words : 30.17. Capitalizing Every Word on a Line
  command descriptions : 33.4. Useful ex Commands
  confirming substitutions : 30.10. Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi
  counting occurrences : 30.16. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
  deleting by patterns : 30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  diff command and : 28.9. ex Scripts Built by diff
  file recovery : 30.24. vi/ex File Recovery vs. Networked Filesystems
  filtering text : 30.22. Filtering Text Through a UNIX Command
  global command : 30.9.1. Global Searches
  line addressing : 33.3. Line Addressing
  modelines : 30.19. Modelines: Bug or Feature?
  moving by patterns : 30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  multiple setup files
    30.20. Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search
    30.21. Per File Setups in Separate Files
  no matches : 33.7. ed/ex Batch Edits: Avoid Errors When No Match
  open mode : 30.36. The ex Open Mode Can Be Handy
  patterns
    30.9. Using Search Patterns and Global Commands
    30.14. Moving Blocks of Text by Patterns
  quoting control characters : 31.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
  quoting | (vertical bar) : 31.6. Protecting Keys from Interpretation by ex
  reverting to saved : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi
  save as new file : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi
  saving as new file : 30.11. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File
  saving part of file : 30.12. Saving Part of a File
  scripting : 33.3. Line Addressing
  settings
    30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
    30.18. Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files
  startup commands : 30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
  stopping search wraps : 30.16. Counting Occurrences; Stopping Search Wraps
  switching between files : 30.4. Editing Multiple Files with vi
  transfer text between files : 30.5. Edits Between Files
  undoing changes : 30.10. Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi
  yank buffers : 30.5. Edits Between Files
examples : 51.11. Making an Arbitrary-Size File for Testing
exclamation point : (see !)
exclamation point (!)
  test command using : 44.20. test: Testing Files and Strings
exec command : 1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  associating file descriptors with files : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  examples : 45.10. Removing a File Once It's Opened - for Security and Easy Cleanup
  manage file descriptors : 45.7. The exec Command
  replacing C shell with Bourne shell
    45.6. Making Sure Your Script Runs with Bourne Shell, Without #!
    45.7. The exec Command
  typing at a shell prompt : 38.2. fork and exec
exec commands : 38.2. fork and exec
executable files
  52.8.2. Compiling Source Code
  52.8.2.7. Functions, Libraries, and Header Files
  displaying : 45.5. A File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
  errors caused by : 50.12. Common UNIX Error Messages
  executing without showing #! : 45.5. A File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
  making executable by using # : 45.4. Fun with #!
  permissions on : 44.2. Writing a Simple Shell Program
  strip command and : 24.13. Save Space in Executable Files with strip
  testing : 44.4. Testing How Your System Executes Files
execute permission
  22.2. Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions
  22.19. Shell Scripts Must be Readable and (Usually) Executable
  without read permission : 22.12. A Directory that People Can Access but Can't List
execution statistics, report summarizing : 38.5. The ps Command
EXINIT environment variable
  6.3. Predefined Environment Variables
  6.10. Running a Command with a Temporarily Different Environment
  10.2.2. Using More Complex Aliases
  30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
  30.35. Out of Temporary Space? Use Another Directory
exit command : 44.11. Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)
  .cshrc file : 2.9. Speeding Up Your C Shell with set prompt Test
  effect on subshells : 38.4. Subshells
  examples : 44.5. Test String Values with Bourne Shell case
  redirected loops using : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  to end scripts : 51.5. Copy What You Do with script
exit command (awk) : 33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
exit command (lpc) : 43.3. Printer Control with lpc
.exit file : 14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
exit status
  44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  (see also status variable)
  of loops : 45.19. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
  non-zero : 46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
  of background jobs : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  of commands in Bourne shell scripts : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  of pipelines : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  of redirected loops : 45.23. The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops
  returned by processes : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  testing
    44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
    44.10. Loops That Test Exit Status
    46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
  values for expr
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr
  zero
    44.10. Loops That Test Exit Status
    45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
    46.9. If Command Doesn't Return a Status, Test the Error Messages
.exit.csh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
.exit.sh script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
exp command (awk) : 33.11.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
expand command
  41.4.1. TAB Is Just Another Character to UNIX
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
Expect : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
Expect program : 9.26. Expect
  testing interactive programs : 9.26.3. Testing: A Story
expr command
  45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  advantages
    45.30.1. Matching with expr
    49.1. bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt
  alternatives to : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command
  arguments
    $* : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
    $@ : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  as calculator
    49.1. bc: Simple Math at the Shell Prompt
    49.6. Quick Arithmetic with expr
  disadvantages : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  examples : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  exit status values
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr
  jot compared to : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command
  listing command-line arguments : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  loops using : 45.11. The Multipurpose jot Command
  matching character strings : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  operators : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  syntax
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
  testing character strings : 45.29. Testing Characters in a String with expr
  variables : 45.28.1. Examples
expressions
  in C shell
    47.4.2. Expressions
    47.4.4. Examples
  conditional : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
expressions, conditional
  44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  (see also if loops; for loops; foreach loops; while loops; unless loops)
expunge program : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
exrc file (on disc) : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
.exrc file
  4.9. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
  30.6. Local Settings for vi and ex
  30.18. Setting vi Options Automatically for Individual Files
  31.9. Good Stuff for Your .exrc File
EXSTAT environment variable : 30.20. Multiple Editor Setup Files; Starting with a Search
exta, extb rates : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)
extended regular expressions : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
extensions, filename
  1.17. Filename Extensions
  4.6. Naming Files
"external control" rates : 41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?)
external commands
  1.10. Internal and External Commands
  7.4. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-Ins
  executing : 1.11. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  setting variables with : 7.12. External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables
extractres program : 43.24. Other PostScript Utilities

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