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| Chapter 20 |

# 20. Program Debugging

Contents:
The Sdb Debugger
The Dbx Debugger

This section presents the debugging utilities for the UNIX environment:

- Sdb (available in SVR4 but not Solaris 2.0)

- Dbx (Solaris 2.0 only)

These debuggers take an executable object file and its corefile-the core image file produced when `objfile` is executed. The debuggers then provide a controlled environment for the execution of the program.

If `objfile` and `corefile` are not specified, a.out is taken as the default object file and core as the default core image file.

Each debugging utility is listed among the UNIX commands in Section 2 of this guide.

## 20.1 The Sdb Debugger

Sdb, the symbolic debugger, is used for checking assembly programs, executable C and FORTRAN programs, and core files resulting from aborted programs. It has the following command-line syntax:

> sdb [`options`] [`objfile` [`corefile` [`dir`]]]

A - in place of `corefile` will force sdb to ignore any core image file.

### 20.1.1 Options

-e

  Ignore symbolic data; treat addresses as file offsets.

-s `n`

  Don't stop processes that receive signal number `n`. See the signal system call for values of `n`. -s may be used more than once.

-V

  Print version information (and exit if no `objfile` is given).

-w

  Make `objfile` and `corefile` writable.

-W

  Suppress warning messages about older files.

### 20.1.2 Command Specifiers

In the "Commands" section below, commands use the specifiers `m`, `l`, and `n`. `m` is the display format of an address. (Addresses are specified by a variable or a line number.) `l` is the address length. `n` stands for the line number.

#### 20.1.2.1 Values for m

a

  Characters starting at variable's address.

c

  Character.

d

  Decimal.

f

  32-bit floating.

g

  64-bit double precision floating.

i

  Disassemble machine-language instructions; print address using numbers and symbols.

I

  Same as i, but print address using numbers only.

o

  Octal.

p

  Pointer to procedure.

s

  Print character(s) at address pointed to by (string pointer) variable.

u

  Unsigned decimal.

x

  Hexadecimal.

#### 20.1.2.2 Values for l

Length specifiers are meaningful only with `m` values of c, d, o, u, or x.

b

  One byte.

h

  Two bytes (half word).

l

  Four bytes (long word).

### 20.1.3 Commands

Refer to the previous specifiers when reviewing the sdb commands, which are grouped below:

### 20.1.4 Formatted Printing

`t` | Print a stack trace.
`T` | Print the top line of the stack trace.
`variable``/``clm` | Print variable according to length `l` and format `m`. Number `c` specifies how much memory (in units of `l`) to display.
`n``?``lm` `variable``:?``lm` | Print from a.out and procedure `variable` according to length `l` and format `m`. Default `lm` is i.
`variable``=``lm` `n``=``lm` `number``=``lm` | Print the address of `variable` or line number `n`, in the format specified by `l` and `m`. Use the last form to convert `number` to the format specified by `l` and `m`. Default `lm` is lx.
`variable``!``value` | Assign `value` to `variable`.
`x` | Display the machine registers and the machine instructions.
`X` | Display the machine instructions.

### 20.1.5 Examining the Source

`e` | Print name of current file.
`e` `proc` | Set current file to file containing procedure `proc`.
`e` `file` | Set current file to `file`.
`e` `dir``/` | Append directory `dir` to directory list.
`p` | Print current line.
`w` | Print ten lines surrounding the current line.
`z` | Print ten lines (starting at current); reset current line to last line.
`/``regexp``/` | Search ahead for regular expression `regexp`.
`?``regexp``?` | Search back for regular expression `regexp`.
`n` | Set current line to `n` and print it.
`count``+` | Advance `count` lines; print new current line.
`count``-` | Go back `count` lines; print new current line.

### 20.1.6 Executing the Source

`n` `a` | Set a breakpoint at line number `n` and inform the user.
[`n`]`b` `commands` | Set breakpoint at line number `n` and optionally execute sdb `commands` (separated by ;) at breakpoint.
[`n`]`c` `count` | Continue after a breakpoint or, if `count` is given, stop after `count` breakpoints. If `n` is specified, set a temporary breakpoint at line number `n`.
[`n`]`C` `count` | Same as c, but reactivate any signal that stopped program.
`n` `g` `count` | Continue at line number `n` after a breakpoint. If `count` is given, ignore `count` breakpoints.
[`count`] `r` `args` | Run the program with the specified arguments. Ignore `count` breakpoints.
[`count`] `r` | Rerun the program with the previously specified arguments. Ignore `count` breakpoints.
[`count`] `R` | Run the program with the no arguments. Ignore `count` breakpoints.
[`level`] [`v`] | This command is used when single-stepping via s, S, or m. v turns off verbose mode; omit v to turn on verbose mode. If `level` is omitted, print only source file or function name when either changes; otherwise, set `level` to 1 (print C source lines before execution) or 2 or higher (print C source lines and assembler statements).
`proc`(`a1`,`a2`,...) | Execute procedure `proc` with arguments `a1`, `a2`, etc. Arguments can be constants, local variable names, or register names. Append /m in order to print the returned value in format `m` (default is d).

### 20.1.7 Breakpoint and Program Control

`B` | Print active breakpoints.
[`n`]`d` | Delete breakpoint at line number `n`.
`D` | Remove all breakpoints.
`i` `count` | Single-step `count` machine-language instructions.
`I` `count` | Same as i, but reactivate any signal that stopped program.
`k` | Kill the program you're debugging.
`l` | Print the previous line executed.
`M` | Print the address maps.
`var``$m` `count` `addr``:m` `count` | Single-step `count` lines until the specified variable or address is modified. Omitting `count` specifies an infinite count.
`q` | Exit sdb.
`s` [`count`] | Single-step `count` lines.
`S` [`count`] | Same as s, but skip called functions.

### 20.1.8 Miscellaneous Commands

`#``text` | Supply a text comment ignored by sdb.
`!``cmd` | Execute `cmd` with sh.
`newline` | Display the next line or memory location, or disassemble the next instruction.
`EOF` | Scroll the display ten lines.
`<` `file` | Execute commands contained in `file`.
`string` | Print a quoted `string`. C escape characters are recognized.
`V` | Print the sdb version number.

19.5 Sample Default Macros, Suffixes, and Rules |  | 20.2 The Dbx Debugger