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| Chapter 25 Showing What's in a File |

## 25.13 pushin: Squeeze Out Extra White Space

If you're viewing or printing a file with lines that are too long to read, you can use a program like fold (43.8) to fold the lines. Or, if there's lots of white space in each line - multiple spaces and/or TABs next to each other - you can use the script at the end of this article. The pushin script replaces series of spaces and/or TABs with a single space, "pushing in" each line as much as it can. It reads from files or standard input and writes to standard output.

Here's an example of lines in a file that aren't too long (we can't print long lines in this book, anyway) but that do have a lot of white space. Imagine how pushin would help with longer lines:

>     % cat data
>     resistor           349-4991-02                  23
>     capacitor          385-2981-49                  16
>     diode              405-3951-58                   8
>     % pushin data
>     resistor 349-4991-02 23
>     capacitor 385-2981-49 16
>     diode 405-3951-58 8

Here's the script:

>     #!/bin/sed -f
>     s/[  ][   ]*/ /g

Inside each pair of brackets, `[ ]`, the sed substitute command has a space and a TAB. The replacement string is a single space.

That file doesn't use a shell; the kernel starts sed directly (45.3) and gives it the script itself as the input file expected with the -f option. If your UNIX can't execute files directly with `#!`, type in this version instead:

>     exec sed 's/[     ][      ]*/ /g' ${1+"$@"}

It starts a shell, then exec replaces the shell with sed (45.7). The `${1+"$@"}` works around a problem with argument handling (46.7) in some Bourne shells.

- JP

25.12 Double Space, Triple Space ... |  | 25.14 How to Look at the End of a File: tail