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| Chapter 21 More About Managing Files |

## 21.6 A File's Inode Change (not "Creation"!) Time

An old ls manual page I have says that the ls -c option lists the "time of file creation." Boo, hiss! That's an old UNIX myth. UNIX keeps three times for each file: last modification (mtime), last access (atime) (21.5), and last inode (1.22) modification (ctime). A file's ctime is changed when the file is modified or when something kept in the inode (number of hard links, owner, group, etc.) has been changed. If you need to find out when that time was changed, use ls -lcr or find \-ctime (17.5, 17.7).

Many computer sites check the ctime to decide which files to back up.

- JP

21.5 What Good Is a File's Last Access Time? |  | 21.7 Setting File Modification Time with touch