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# Index: Symbols and Numbers

"batch editing" : 33. Batch Editing
0 (zero) process ID : 38.12. Killing All Your Processes
-1 process ID : 38.12. Killing All Your Processes
1
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
.n filename extension : 1.17. Filename Extensions
8-bit filenames : 23.15. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
80cols file
  42.6.1. Single Line Screen Width: 80cols
  52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
9-track tapes : 20.6. Writing a Tape Drive on a Remote Machine
& (ampersand)
  && : 48.4.3. Automating Your Own Calendar
  && C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  && operator : 44.9. Testing Your Success
    examples : 44.9. Testing Your Success
  && sequence : 11.9. Running a Series of Commands on a File
  &= : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  on command line : 1.27. How Background Processing Works
  at end of commands : 38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  escaping special characters using : 51.3. ASCII Characters: Listing and Getting Values
  as logical operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
* (asterisk)
  *= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  as arithmetic operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.2. Arithmetic Operators
  examples : 50.6. Searching Online Manual Pages
  filename wildcard : 15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
  in pcal : 48.9. PostScript Calendars with pcal
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  regular expression metacharacter
    26.3. Understanding Expressions
    26.4.6. Repeating Character Sets with *
  as wildcard character : 1.16. Wildcards
@ (at sign) : 9.5. Build Strings with { }
@ commands (csh)
  47.4.2. Expressions
  47.4.4. Examples
@-functions (vi) : 31.4. vi @-Functions
\ (backslash)
  \< \> metacharacters : 26.4.8. Matching Words with \ < and \ >
  \( \) metacharacters : 26.4.9. Remembering Patterns with \ (, \ ), and \1
  \1, \2, ... metacharacters : 26.4.9. Remembering Patterns with \ (, \ ), and \1
  \{ \} metacharacters : 26.4.7. Matching a Specific Number of Sets with \ { and \ }
  for avoiding multiline commands : 9.13. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
  before newline
    8.14.4. Multiline Quoting
    8.15.2. How Quoting Works
  in C shell scripts : 44.14. Putting awk, sed, etc., Inside Shell Scripts
  for escape sequences : 8.6.1. Portability
  escaping special characters : 10.3. C Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
  placement of : 8.20. How Many Backslashes?
  preventing history substitution : 8.5. Command-Line Evaluation
  in prompt settings : 7.12. External Commands Send Signals to Set Variables
  quoting and : 8.14.2. How Quoting Works
  in stty command : 5.9. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
` (backquotes)
  command substitution : 9.16. Command Substitution
  examples
    44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
    50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos
  for loops combined with : 45.16. Standard Input to a for Loop
  nesting : 45.31. Nested Command Substitution
! (bang)
  !* variable : 10.3. C Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
  !:script : 52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc
  != C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  != relational operator : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  !\* : 50.8. Which Version Am I Using?
  automatic temporary files : 9.18.2. Automatic Temporary Files with !
  with brackets wildcards : 15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
  in C shell quoting : 8.15.2. How Quoting Works
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  history substitution commands : 11.7. History Substitutions
    !:n* sequence
      11.4. My Favorite Is !:n*
      11.7. History Substitutions
    !$ sequence
      10.3. C Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
      11.3. My Favorite Is !$
      11.6. Using !$ for Safety with Wildcards
      11.7. History Substitutions
  NOT operator
    17.1. The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It
    17.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  preceding operators : 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
  terms for : 51.8. Type Bang Splat. Don't Forget the Rabbit Ears
{ } (braces)
  { cmd } C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  /{ /} metacharacters : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  \{ \} metacharacters : 26.4.7. Matching a Specific Number of Sets with \ { and \ }
  Bourne shell list operators : 13.8. Using {list} to Group Bourne Shell Commands
  building strings : 9.5. Build Strings with { }
  in C shell : 47.4.1. Variables
  creating new files with : 1.16. Wildcards
  filename wildcards
    15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
    15.3. Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells
  find -exec command and : 17.10. Running Commands on What You Find
  foreach loop and : 9.11. Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop
  in shells : 1.18. Who Handles Wildcards?
  with variable names : 6.8. Shell Variables
[ ] (brackets)
  [ command
    46.4. Stop Syntax Errors in Numeric Tests
    46.5. Stop Syntax Errors in String Tests
  [ at start of escape sequence : 5.8. Terminal Escape Sequences
  fast find and : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  filename wildcards : 15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
  regular expression metacharacter : 26.4.4. Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]
  sc program using : 49.8. It's Great to Have a Spreadsheet
  wildcards : 9.4. Use Wildcards to Create Files?
^ (caret)
  ^[ : (see CTRL key)
  ^^ sequence : 11.5. My Favorite Is ^^
  ^= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  ^^ sequence : 11.7. History Substitutions
  ^M : (see CTRL-m character)
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  filename wildcard : 15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
  in control character : 41.11.1. Special Character Codes
  regular expression metacharacter : 26.4.1. The Anchor Characters: ^ and $
  within [ ] metacharacters : 26.4.5. Exceptions in a Character Set
: (colon)
  :p operator : 11.10. Check Your History First with :p
  as alternative to # : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  as comment character : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  as parameter substitute : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  colon-separated lists : 4.10. Find All Command Versions with whereiz
  examples : 44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
  if loops using : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  as logical operator for expr
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
  as null character : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  as parameter substitute : 45.12. Parameter Substitution
  separating fields
    1.9. Which Shell Am I Running?
    5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
  separating values : 5.3. Setting the Terminal Type When You Log In
  shell script comments : 45.2. The Story of : # #!
  string editing operator : 9.6. String Editing (Colon) Operators
  trap used with : 45.8. Handling Signals to Child Processes
  while loops using : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
, (comma) in filenames : 1.15. Filenames
$ (dollar sign)
  $0 parameter : 44.22. Finding a Program Name; Multiple Program Names
  $1 command-line arguments
    44.11. Set Exit Status of a Shell (Script)
    44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
    44.15. Handling Command-Line Arguments in Shell Scripts
  $* argument : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  $@ argument : 45.30.1. Matching with expr
  $! variable : 47.2.5. Variable Syntax
  $$ command-line arguments : 44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
  $# command-line argument : 44.15.3. Counting Arguments with $#
  $< variable : 47.2.1.2. Reading Files
  $() command : 45.31. Nested Command Substitution
  $? variable : 47.2.1.4. More Elaborate Combinations
  $* : 46.7. Quoting and Command-Line Parameters
  $@ : 46.7. Quoting and Command-Line Parameters
    passing arguments to getopt : 44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
  $@ argument : 44.15.1. With the $@"
  as wildcard : 44.6. Pattern Matching in case Statements
  Bourne shell script variable : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  in C shells : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
  quoting and : 8.14.2. How Quoting Works
  regular expression metacharacter : 26.4.1. The Anchor Characters: ^ and $
  with variable names : 6.8. Shell Variables
$- test : 2.11. Faster ksh and bash Startup with $- Test
. (dot)
  . command, subroutines compared to : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  . scripts : 44.23. Reading Files with the . and source Commands
  .. for parent directory : 18.4.2. Links to a Directory
  for current directory : 18.4.2. Links to a Directory
  in filenames
    1.15. Filenames
    1.16. Wildcards
  filenames starting with : (see dot files)
  in pathnames : 1.21. Making Pathnames
  regular expression metacharacter
    26.3. Understanding Expressions
    26.4.3. Match any Character with . (Dot)
  terms for : 51.8. Type Bang Splat. Don't Forget the Rabbit Ears
= (equal sign)
  == C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  =~ C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  for alias definitions : 10.4. Aliases in ksh and bash
  as arithmetic operator for expr : 45.28.1. Examples
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  as relational operator for expr
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
# (hash mark)
  : (colon) used in place of : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  #!
    Bourne shell scripts using : 44.4. Testing How Your System Executes Files
  #! notation
    8.17. verbose and echo Variables Show Quoting
    45.2. The Story of : # #!
    45.4. Fun with #!
    in Bourne shell scripts : 44.2. Writing a Simple Shell Program
    character limit : 45.4. Fun with #!
    examples
      45.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One
      45.4. Fun with #!
    executing files without showing : 45.5. A File That Shows Itself... and What #! Does
    making programs executable : 45.4. Fun with #!
  alternatives to : 45.9. The Unappreciated Bourne Shell ":" Operator
  for comments : 10.2.1. Simple Aliases
  in crontab entries : 40.12.1. Execution Scheduling
  shell script comments : 45.2. The Story of : # #!
- (hyphen)
  -= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  -- (two dashes) as argument to set command : 44.19. The Bourne Shell set Command
  - as dashes : 44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
  as arithmetic operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  C shell operator
    47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
    47.4.3.2. Arithmetic Operators
  command-line arguments starting with
    44.16. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
    44.17. Handling Arguments with while and shift
  filenames starting with : 23.14. Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-)
  with << operator : 8.18. Here Documents
  in login shell : 2.16. Approved Shells: Using Unapproved Login Shell
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  for stdin (on command line) : 13.13. The "Filename" -
< (left angle bracket)
  <= C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  <= relational operator : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  << C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  << operator
    8.18. Here Documents
    19.2. Introduction to Shell Archives
  <<- operator
    8.18. Here Documents
    9.14. Using Here Documents for Form Letters, etc.
  /< /> metacharacters : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  \< \> metacharacters : 26.4.8. Matching Words with \ < and \ >
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  examples : 48.4.3. Automating Your Own Calendar
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  as relational operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
( ) (parentheses)
  \( \) metacharacters : 26.4.9. Remembering Patterns with \ (, \ ), and \1
  in extended regular expressions : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  grouping expressions using : 47.4.2. Expressions
  as operators : 2.2. Shell Setup Files-Which, Where, and Why
  subshell operators : 13.7. The () Subshell Operators
% (percent sign)
  %= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  as arithmetic operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.2. Arithmetic Operators
  default C shell prompt : 7.1. Why Change Your Prompt?
  for job numbers
    12.1.1. Foreground and Background
    12.3. The "Current Job" Isn't Always What You Expect
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
+ (plus sign)
  += C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  as arithmetic operator for expr
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.2. Arithmetic Operators
  in job reports : 12.1.1. Foreground and Background
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  regular expression metacharacter : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
? (question mark)
  ?*) wildcard : 44.6. Pattern Matching in case Statements
  ?) wildcard : 44.6. Pattern Matching in case Statements
  Bourne shell script variable : 44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  examples : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
  fast find and : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  filename wildcard : 15.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
  foreach loop and : 9.11. Repeating a Command with a foreach Loop
  in C shells : 47.5. Using C Shell Arrays
  regular expression metacharacter : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  shell variable : 6.9. Special C Shell Variables
  as wildcard character : 1.16. Wildcards
' (single quotes) : 8.14.3. Single Quotes Inside Single Quotes?
  around PS1 string : 7.8. Highlighting in Shell Prompts
  with bash pre-prompt commands : 7.13. Pre-Prompt Commands in bash
  passing wildcards to programs : 1.18. Who Handles Wildcards?
  prompt setting and : 7.4. Faster Prompt Setting with Built-Ins
  protecting special characters : 10.3. C Shell Aliases with Command-Line Arguments
  quoting and
    8.14.2. How Quoting Works
    8.15. Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting
  sc program using : 49.8. It's Great to Have a Spreadsheet
" (double quotes)
  aliases in : 10.2.2. Using More Complex Aliases
  for comments : 4.9. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
  passing wildcards to programs : 1.18. Who Handles Wildcards?
  prompt setting : 7.8. Highlighting in Shell Prompts
  quoting and
    8.14.2. How Quoting Works
    8.15. Differences Between Bourne and C Shell Quoting
  sc program using : 49.8. It's Great to Have a Spreadsheet
  in sed scripts : 51.6. Cleaning script Files
  terms for : 51.8. Type Bang Splat. Don't Forget the Rabbit Ears
> (right angle bracket)
  >= : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  >& operator : 13.5. Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
  >= relational operator
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
  >> C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  >> for appending files : 45.22. Handling Files Line-by-Line
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.4. Comparison Operators
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  redirection operator : 6.9. Special C Shell Variables
  as relational operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
; (semicolon)
  on command line : 8.5. Command-Line Evaluation
  separating commands : 44.12. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
/ (slash)
  /*/ wildcard : 44.6. Pattern Matching in case Statements
  /{ /} metacharacters : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  /= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  /< /> metacharacters : 26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  as arithmetic operator for expr
    45.28. Quick Reference: expr
    45.28.1. Examples
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.2. Arithmetic Operators
  fast find and : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  in filenames
    1.15. Filenames
    1.16. Wildcards
  in pathnames
    1.21. Making Pathnames
    14.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  for root directory : 1.19. The Tree Structure of the Filesystem
  terms for : 51.8. Type Bang Splat. Don't Forget the Rabbit Ears
~ (tilde)
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  ending filenames : 14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  filenames ending with : 17.18. Using "Fast find"
  for home directory
    7.11. dirs in Your Prompt: Better than $cwd
    14.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  in pathnames : 1.21. Making Pathnames
_ (underscore) in filenames : 1.15. Filenames
| (vertical bar)
  26.4.11. Extended Regular Expressions
  44.7. Exit Status of UNIX Processes
  44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
  (see also pipelines)
  |& operator
    13.3. Send (only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
    13.5. Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
  |= C shell operator : 47.4.3.1. Assignment Operators
  || operator
    44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
    44.9. Testing Your Success
    44.18. Standard Command-Line Parsing
    46.6. Watch Out for Bourne Shell -e Bug
    47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
    examples : 44.9. Testing Your Success
    inverse of a condition : 44.8. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
  C shell operator : 47.4.3.3. Bitwise and Logical Operators
  as logical operator for expr : 45.28. Quick Reference: expr
  noclobber variable and : 13.6. Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber
  pipes : 1.3. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
  piping commands : 13.3. Send (only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
  precedence in C shell : 47.4.2. Expressions
  || operator : 45.6. Making Sure Your Script Runs with Bourne Shell, Without #!

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